Topography

Most of the areas in Soroti district are underlain by rocks of the basement complex Precambrian age that include granites, mignalites, gneiss, schists and quartzites.

Climate

The climate of the district is modified by the large swamp area sorrounding it. The rainy season is March to November, with a marked minimum in June, and marked peaks in April to May and August to October. December and January are the driest months. Of recent rainfall has been unreliable and unpredictable hence affecting the activities of people e.g agriculture, livestock rearing etc.

Rainfall Soils

Rainfall normally ranges from 1000mm to 1500mm coming in two seasons; March–July and September – November.  There is normally a short dry spell between the two rain seasons during mid June – mid July.  The long dry season sets in during late November through to early March.  The distribution is such that areas bordering Northeast experience earlier dry seasons.  This is also a common occurrence at the lakeshore areas, which sometimes experience very sharp spells of drought.

Temperature, Humidity, Wind and Evapo-transpiration

Soroti district generally records a mean annual maximum temperature of around 31.3^o C and a mean minimum of around 18^oC. Its extreme highest temperatures are in the month of February when it records approximately 35^oC. The highest ever recorded was in February 1949 where temperatures reached 40^oC.

Relative humidity ranges from 66% to 83% at 0600GMT in the morning. However, it reduces much in the afternoon (35%-57% at 1200GMT) thereby reducing chances of rainfall.

During the N.E monsoon the area is swept by a wind that has traversed Somalia, passed between Abyssinian massif and Kenya highlands and the hills of Karamoja. The water vapour content of this wind is consequently low.

The southwards passage of the inter-tropical convergence zone in October would appear to bring no more rain than is sufficient to produce a gradual falling off from the July peak.

There are relatively high rates of evaporation in Soroti District as it lies near the equator. Evaporations are particularly high in the dry seasons.

Geology and Soils

Most of the areas in Soroti district are underlain by rocks of the basement complex Precambrian age that include granites, mignalites, gneiss, schists and quartzites.

Vegetation       

Soroti has vegetation, which can best be described as wooded savannah, grass savanah, forests and riparian vegetation. The wooded savanna mainly comprises moist Acacia savanna associated with hyparrhenia spp and combretum savanna associated with hyparrhenia spp.